摘要
高端工业和医学应用需要在整个温度范围提供±1°C至±0.1°C,甚至更高精度的温度测量,并且价格合理、功耗较低。此类应用的测温范围(-200°C至+1750°C)通常需要使用热电偶和铂电阻温度(RT)检测器,即PRTD。
引言
PRTD基础
MAX11200 | Comments | |
Sample rate (sps) | 10 to 120 | The MAX11200's variable oversampling rate can be optimized for low noise, and for -150dB line-noise rejection at 50Hz or 60Hz. |
Channels | 1 | GPIOs allow external multiplexer control for multichannel measurements. |
INL (max, ppm) | ±10 | Provides very good measurement linearity |
Offset error (µV) | ±1 | Provides almost zero offset measurements |
Noise-free resolution (bits) | 19.0 at 120sps; 19.5 at 60sps; 21.0 at 10sps | Very high dynamic range with low power |
VDD (V) | AVDD (2.7 to 3.6) DVDD (1.7 to 3.6) |
AVDD and DVDD ranges cover the industry's popular power-supply ranges. |
ICC (max, µA) | 300 | Highest resolution-per-unit power in the industry; ideal for portable applications |
GPIOs | Allows external device control, including local multiplexer control. | |
Input range | 0 to VREF, ±VREF | Wide input ranges |
Package | 16-pin QSOP, 10-pin µMAX® (15mm²) | 10-pin µMAX offers very small size for space-constrained designs. |
式中,RA为限流电阻;RT为t°C时的PRTD电阻;VRTD为PRTD电压;VREF为ADC基准电压。同时:
VRTD = VREF × (RT/(RA + RT)) (式1)
式中,AADC为ADC输出编码,FS为ADC的满幅编码(即,对于单端配置的MAX11200,为223-1)。合并式1和2:
VRTD = VREF × (AADC/FS) (式2)
RT = RA × (AADC/(FS - AADC)) (式3)
PRTD选择和误差分析
引线电阻引起的误差
Copper Lead Wire (AWG) | Ω/Foot (+25°C) |
16 | 0.0041 |
18 | 0.0065 |
20 | 0.0103 |
22 | 0.0161 |
24 | 0.0257 |
26 | 0.0418 |
28 | 0.0649 |
举例说明,假设采用2根3英尺长的AWG 22导线连接PRTD,引线电阻RW为:
RW = 2 × (3ft.) × (0.0161Ω/ft.) = 0.1Ω (式4)
对于PT1000 (PTS 1206,1000Ω)器件¹,平均灵敏度S = 3.85Ω/°C,因此:
TWER = RW/0.385 = 0.26°C (式5)
TWER = RW/3.85 = 0.026°C (式6)
PRTD自热引起的误差
PRTD的另一个误差源是激励电流通过RTD元件时,传感器本身产生的热量。激励电流流过RTD电阻,产生测量电压。为了使输出电压高于ADC的电压噪声电平,应保持足够高的激励电流;而激励电流产生的功耗会使温度传感器的温度升高,导致RTD电阻升高,使其高于实测温度下的电阻值。利用制造商数据手册提供的封装热阻,可以计算出RTD功耗引起的温度误差。利用下式计算自热引起的温度误差(TTERR,单位为°C):
TTERR = IEXT² × RT × KTPACK (式7)
VREF | KTPACK | T°C | RT100 | RT1000 | RA100 | RA1000 | TERR100 | TERR1000 | IEXT100 | IEXT1000 | VRT100 | VRT1000 |
(V) | (C/mW) | (°C) | (Ω) | (Ω) | (Ω) | (Ω) | (°C) | (°C) | (µA) | (µA) | (mV) | (mV) |
3 | 0.7 | -55 | 78.3 | 783.2 | 8200 | 27000 | 0.015 | 0.013 | 362.4 | 108.0 | 28.4 | 84.6 |
3 | 0.7 | 0 | 100.0 | 1000.0 | 8200 | 27000 | 0.019 | 0.016 | 361.4 | 107.1 | 36.1 | 107.1 |
3 | 0.7 | 20 | 107.8 | 1077.9 | 8200 | 27000 | 0.020 | 0.018 | 361.1 | 106.8 | 38.9 | 115.2 |
3 | 0.7 | 155 | 159.2 | 1591.9 | 8200 | 27000 | 0.029 | 0.025 | 358.9 | 104.9 | 57.1 | 167.0 |
PRTD线性误差
PRTD近似于线性特性,根据温度范围和其它条件的不同,通过计算PRTD电阻在-20°C至+100°C温度范围的变化,进行线性逼近:
R(t) ≈ R(0)(1 + T × a) (式8)
a | Temp | RRTD1000 Lin | RRTD1000 Nom | RA | VREF | VRTD | ADC Code | Err |
(Ω/Ω/°C) | (°C) | (Ω) | (Ω) | (Ω) | (V) | (V) | (LSB) | (%) |
3.85E-03 | -20 | 923.00 | 921.60 | 27000 | 3 | 0.0991656 | 277286 | 0.15 |
3.85E-03 | -10 | 961.50 | 960.90 | 27000 | 3 | 0.1031597 | 288454 | 0.06 |
3.85E-03 | 0 | 1000.00 | 1000.00 | 27000 | 3 | 0.1071429 | 299592 | 0.00 |
3.85E-03 | 10 | 1038.50 | 1039.00 | 27000 | 3 | 0.1111151 | 310699 | -0.05 |
3.85E-03 | 20 | 1077.00 | 1077.90 | 27000 | 3 | 0.1150764 | 321776 | -0.08 |
3.85E-03 | 30 | 1115.50 | 1116.70 | 27000 | 3 | 0.1190269 | 332822 | -0.11 |
3.85E-03 | 40 | 1154.00 | 1155.40 | 27000 | 3 | 0.1229665 | 343838 | -0.12 |
3.85E-03 | 50 | 1192.50 | 1194.00 | 27000 | 3 | 0.1268955 | 354824 | -0.13 |
3.85E-03 | 60 | 1231.00 | 1232.40 | 27000 | 3 | 0.1308136 | 365780 | -0.11 |
3.85E-03 | 100 | 1385.00 | 1385.00 | 27000 | 3 | 0.1463801 | 409308 | 0.00 |
在-200°C至0°C温度范围:
R(t) = R(0)(1 + A × t + B × t²) (式9)
式中,R(t)为t°C下的PRTD电阻;R(0)为0°C下的PRTD电阻;t为PRTD温度,单位为°C。式9和式10中,A、B、C为RTD制造商提供的校准系数,如IEC 60751标准规定:
R(t) = R(0)[1 + A × t + B × t² + (t - 100)C × t³] (式10)
A = 3.9083 × 10 - 3°C-1
B = - 5.775 × 10 - 7°C-2
C = - 4.183 × 10 - 12°C-4
MAX11200的测试分辨率
MAX11200是一款低功耗、24位、Σ-Δ ADC,适合宽动态范围、高分辨率(无噪声)的低功耗应用。利用这款ADC,可以由下面的式11和式12计算得到图2所示电路的温度分辨率:
RTLSB = (VREF × (TCMAX - TCMIN))/(FS × (VRTMAX - VRTMIN)) (式11) RTNFR = (VREF × (TCMAX - TCMIN))/(NFR × (VRTMAX - VRTMIN)) (式12)
VREF | TC | RT100 | RT1000 | RA (100) | RA (1000) | RTLSB (100) | RTLSB (1000) | RTNFR (100) | RTNFR (1000) |
(V) | (°C) | (Ω) | (Ω) | (Ω) | (Ω) | (°C/LSB) | (°C/LSB) | (°C/NFR) | (°C/NFR) |
3 | -55 | 78.32 | 783.19 | 8200 | 27000 | ||||
3 | 0 | 100 | 1000 | 8200 | 27000 | 0.00317 | 0.000926 | 0.021 | 0.0073 |
3 | 20 | 107.79 | 1077.9 | 8200 | 27000 | ||||
3 | 155 | 159.19 | 1591.91 | 8200 | 27000 |
|
Noise free codes = (VMAX - VMIN)/Input referred noise Noise free codes = 82.46mV/2.86µVP-P Noise free codes = 28,822 codes Temp (accy) = 210°C/28.82K Temp (accy) = 0.007°C |
结论
参考文献
- PTS Series - Pt-Sensors from Vishay Beyschlag, https://www.vishay.com/docs/28762/ptsserie.pdf.
- Maxim应用笔记3775:“低成本传感器及A/D转换接口的设计考虑”。