Noise reduction is a significant design issue in most electrnic systems. Along with dissipation constraints, ambient temperature changes, size limitations, and speed & accuracy requirements, noise is an omnipresent factor that must be dealt with for a successful final design. We are not concerned here with techniques for reducing external noise (which arrives with the signal); since its presence is generally beyond the direct control of the design engineer; it must be dealt with in the operational design of the system by means such as filtering, analog signal processing, and digital algorithms. Read full article