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The Autonomous Industrial Revolution
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From the invention of the cotton gin and the steam engine during the first industrial revolution to the development of the assembly line during the second revolution, the world has taken great leaps forward thanks to the rapid adoption of new technology.
Many analysts agree—the next industrial revolution is already upon us, driven by growth in Industry 4.0 and autonomous systems. The push to more efficient use of materials and labor in this next age of industrial discovery requires that the underlying technology continue to evolve at a rapid pace.
Automated and autonomously acting robots, vehicles, and drones, which are tightly integrated into manufacturing, mining, farming and logistics processes, are critical pillars of the ongoing industrial revolution.
To achieve required levels of system performance expected from autonomous applications, equipment needs to both perceive and navigate its environment. It can accomplish these goals with the help of sensing modalities whose outputs are fused and interpreted by traditional, AI or machine learning-based algorithms. Reliability and availability are the biggest associated challenges requiring the implementation of multiple sensor technologies in parallel, with the end goal of improving safety, efficiency, cost, and flexibility.
Autonomous systems rely heavily on high fidelity data collected by fused sensing modalities to inform AI and algorithms. Among the most commonly accepted sensors in the industry are radar, lidar, vision, ultrasound, and inertial sensors. The table below highlights the benefits and limitations to each perception sensing modality and the need for multiple sensors in a system.
| Sensing | Key Benefits | Limitations | Primary contribution |
| Vision | Highest resolution Color |
Night-time Bad weather Estimated range |
3D mapping (>15m) 1st level classification Small obstacle detection |
| LIDAR | High resolution Measured range |
Bad weather | 3D mapping (>15m) 1st level classification Small obstacle detection |
| RADAR | Most weather Measured range Measured velocity |
Low resolution | Object detection and tracking |
| Ultrasonic | All weather Measured range Lowest cost |
Short range Low resolution Slow response |
Low speed, short range detection |
Perception Sensing: Giving Machines Sight
The challenges of Industry 4.0 are diverse. Limited space and autonomously acting machinery (robots, cobots, etc.) paired in hostile environments require radar technology that’s smaller in size, more accurate, and capable of measuring nearby targets. Imaging and classification of surrounding areas is essential to efficiency, productivity and safety.
Driven by the latest advances in RF transceiver IC technology, radar is quickly becoming one of the important sensor technologies for perception applications. One example is 77 GHz fully integrated all-digital transceiver MMICs. High speed and linearity FMCW chirps combined with high output power, low noise transmit and receive channels, and MIMO antenna arrays now enable high performance, high resolution radar systems at reasonable cost. Radar-based digital beamforming enables detection of radial velocity, angle, and distance to multiple targets under the harshest environmental conditions—It’s key for the safe and efficient interaction of robots, cobots, and AGVs in dynamic environments.
The mission of an autonomous system in an industrial setting is often to locate and pick up an object rather than safely avoiding it. Lidar’s strong object detection and classification accuracy provides the precision necessary to complete these common tasks.
Operating in the terahertz frequency range, lidar systems achieve fine angular resolution that translates into high resolution depth maps. With these high-res depth maps, a lidar system can classify objects to fuse with vision, IMU, and radar information to make reliable, mission critical decisions. Lidar systems are designed to work in dynamic environments, such as outdoors in bright sunlight. By using narrow pulses of 9xx nm and 15xx nm wavelengths, and driving them with high power, lidar is able to see farther in these challenging conditions. In addition, the narrow pulses allow for finer depth resolution to detect multiple targets within a pixel, while the infrared light at 9xx and 15xx has less solar radiation.
Numerous challenges must be overcome to encourage the mass adoption of lidar systems. These include complex and costly signal chains, optical design issues, and system test and calibration. Developments are currently underway to integrate these signal chains and reduce their complexity, size, power requirements, and overall cost of ownership.
Navigation Sensing: Giving Machines Feeling
As sensors proliferate on industrial machines, and the data available from them becomes richer, the significance of their location and relative motion increases as well. Autonomous often relates to mobility, and thus pinpointing a vehicle’s position, or guiding a machine’s movement, or precisely steering their instruments is a key enabler. Detecting such motion with precision allows more difficult and valuable application usage, where safety and reliability are demanded as well. The smart farm, for instance, is challenged to continually increase efficiencies in crop management, and locating instruments to within centimeters is the primary driver in conserving inputs and maximizing outputs.
One approach to autonomous navigation is to leverage GNSS location services, which, while being ubiquitous, are also vulnerable to signal disruption. Full autonomy requires unrestricted operation, with no threat of blockage or temporary disruption. Inertial sensors offer a complementary motion measurement, free from disruption and the need for external infrastructure. A combination of linear and rotational sensors, on all three axis, is typically combined into a six degrees of freedom inertial measurement unit (IMU). The IMU’s outputs can be resolved with additional processing to provide relative attitude, heading, and velocity. This ultimately provides what is known as dead-reckoning guidance.
A special class of inertial sensors are necessary to resolve the accuracy of centimeter level positioning, or 10th of a degree pointing angles. The output of consumer-level IMUs drift very quickly even in benign environments. They are not able to distinguish ‘wanted’ motion from other error sources, including vibration, and cross-axis disturbances. High-performance inertial sensors have high stability in the range of 1°/hour, employ special sensor architectures to reject linear-g errors, and have been calibrated to compensate for temperature and alignment disturbances. This precision motion capture is done at 10× to 100× higher rates, compared to GPS and perception sensors, and thus is best able to replace the human instinctive motion-sensing relied on in nonautonomous machines.
The growth of this industrial revolution is dependent on the evolution of the underlying sensing technology supporting autonomy. The capability that RADAR, LIDAR and cameras possess to precisely detect and classify objects at both short and long range will enable autonomous industrial vehicles to effectively see much like a human operator. In addition, inertial technology will be critical in providing “gut feel” or dead reckoning navigation to autonomous applications. The more precise the sensors are, the higher quality the data that is being fed into artificial intelligence, and this ultimately leads to a safer and more efficient application.